ANTHROPOLOGY OF MOTHERHOOD
 

RESPONDING TO THE OVERTURN OF

 
 
 

ANTHROPOLOGY OF MOTHERHOOD

 

In June 2022, the landmark 1973 ruling of Roe v. Wade, which legalized the right to an abortion, was overruled by the United States Supreme Court.

What does this mean for people who can become pregnant, for healthcare providers, for the LGBTQIA+ community, for people of color, and for affected intersectional groups and communities? Artists respond with work that examines the current politicization of abortion/reproductive care and bodily autonomy, exploring the personal, the historical, the communal, and the ethics of care. This virtual art exhibition engages as an urgent and renewed call to action leading up to November’s election.


Gallery List of Contents

Artists Index
Virtual Gallery
Roe v. Wade Timeline

 
 
 
welivedinthegapslenachen.jpg

ARTISTS



Please Be Advised

This virtual exhibition describes and addresses imagery and subject matter related to the politicization of abortion, reproduction, and bodily autonomy. As such, there is imagery that represents uterine anatomy, an image of a gun, and artists’ thoughts and subject matter that may be distressing to some.


What does the overturn of Roe v. Wade mean for people who can become pregnant,
for healthcare providers,
for the LGBTQIA+ community,
for people of color, and for affected intersectional groups and communities?

rvwback.jpeg
 

The Choice, Julie Chen

I was once a young woman faced with a choice.

Today, I am a mother witnessing young people losing that choice, putting their fates and the fates of those around them in jeopardy. After the overturn of Roe v. Wade, I posted my story on social media the next day. I processed it further into this silent text-based video.

video password: roevwade

 
 
 
 

My mother was a very talkative one. She overflowed with memories. When I was no older than five, she would tell me the story about the handsome young man that stole her heart and how happy she was back in those days in Burma (Myanmar). It didn’t phase her that she repeatedly told me this story about a man who wasn’t my father. But in her voice was such yearning and emotion. She was the queen of story-telling, chatter, non-sequitur, and had no filter for what came out of her mouth. This is who I got it from. Her stories put me in the place of her experience. Stories/narratives in all forms put me in the place of that experience. Narratives support empathy. Empathy is needed more than ever, as the human population on this planet grows and tensions along with it. Presenting narratives in spectacle and shared experience creates a visceral experience for empathy to flow. This is the basis of my art making.

 
 
 

husks, Alex Bauman

“husks” focuses on the control and devaluation of AFAB (assigned female at birth) bodies. In the current political climate of the US, bodily autonomy has been stripped away and individuals are seemingly valued only for their ability and ‘duty’ to reproduce.

 

husks, Alex Bauman. Ink drawing, 8.25 x 11.75 in.

 
 

Reaction to Overturning Roe v Wade, Adair Heitmann, Engraving, 6 x 6.75 in.

Reaction to Overturning Roe v. Wade, Adair Heitmann

Like a spinning chainsaw to the neck of every woman and girl, overturning Roe v Wade makes us cower and fear for our lives by not being able to speak up for ourselves about our own bodies and knowing what is right. It also enrages women and girls, it makes us scream out and confront the overturn. Yet, we are still trapped, paralysed, and fearful because we are being denied our human rights to think for ourselves and govern our own bodies. The face looking away in despair and the face turning to scream at the chainsaw of the current political system are the same woman.

 
 
 

Unwanted Pregnancy, Adair Heitmann

Without the right for a woman to choose and care for her own reproductive rights she will face the hardship and agony of carrying a baby to full term. Then having to make the decision to keep a baby that she may not have enough money or time to support and care for or to be forced into making a decision to put the baby up for adoption. What man has EVER had to endure an unwanted pregnancy for nine months and then be faced with deciding the aftermath. What man in the world has EVER BEEN PUT IN THIS POSITION?

Unwanted Pregnancy, Adair Heitmann, Lithography, 11 x 16.5 in.

 
 
 

Daddy's Girl, Adair Heitmann

This lithograph is about generational silence and incest. With the overturning of Roe v Wade, even cases of pregnancy from the rape of incest are questioned. What????? How dare that happen, it is so wrong.

Daddy's Girl, Adair Heitmann, Lithography, 12 x 17.5 in.

 
 
 

Mistress Circa 1787, Nikki Brooks. Paper collage, 18 x 24 in.

Mistress Circa 1787, Nikki Brooks

This was artwork centers Sallie Hemmings and the rape culture of the enslaved black woman. In the contemporary world this theme continues through social economic systems such as: current laws, housing, health care and the body. On the other end of that spectrum is my existence and so it was important to also pay homage to the strength, love, and nurturing of our ancestors. Without them there would be no me. But, just to think of what black women endured to get to me (my mother, grandmother included) is something you can't totally wrap your minds around.

This piece was immersed in an installation/multi-media show titled "From the Hold of the Ship". The NE and NY represented the states that participated in the long narrative of censoring blackness through shelter, beauty, and body. The red line highlighting the impact of redlining* as one example.

*Redlining is the policy used by the Federal Housing Administration, established in 1934, that furthered segregation efforts by refusing to insure mortgages in and near African-American neighborhoods.
Interactive Redlining Map

 
 

Shroud, Em Hein

This quilt is a memorial for those who have suffered through the pre-Roe era and a plea to stop that suffering from happening again.

The fiber techniques used to make this piece were labor intensive and time consuming but done with loving intention. This is the same kind of work that must be done to ensure the bodily autonomy and safety of all those who have been affected by the overturn of Roe.

The rabbit fur in the center is a call to the “rabbit” pregnancy tests created in the 1930’s. These tests involved the euthanization of the rabbit to determine the results. What is life giving news for one is a death sentence for another. A positive result from a modern pregnancy test can be an equally life threatening without safe access to abortion care.

This piece also illustrates the pain of motherhood and the stark differences between how these civilizations worshipped the mother and child and how today's society neglects birthing people and children. This country has the highest maternal death rate and yet denies access to health care, universal paid maternity leave and affordable child care. As a response to this, we are seeing a birthing revolution where mothers are seeking to return to ancient practices to heal colonial trauma and connect back to the sacred through ritual and community. This shift in consciousness seeks to birth new life, understanding and spiritual connection for our birthing people and children.

Shroud, Em Hein. Quilt fragment, rabbit fur, handspun yarn, 18.5 x 18.5 in.

 
 

Untitled, Nicole Leibowitz

Untitled, Nicole Leibowitz. Analog Collage (vintage magazines, burned edges), 13 x 19 in.

 

MAMA LU- Alchemy

“Am I my body?”
“What in truth, is motherhood?”
“How can women renew the way they see themselves?”

LU WEI 盧芛

Ink painting, silkscreen printing, Mulberry paper, wooden box, 2020-2021, 26 x 504 cm.

The experience of pregnancy during university pushed me from the role of a young woman to that of mother. All throughout pregnancy, birth, and breast feeding, I could feel my body, from the time of gestation and the beating of this other heart nestled within, to the time I felt my body constantly dilating, pushing its extension to the brink of tearing itself apart, it was as if “I” no longer was merely psychological, it was concurrently this body, changing by the days, these heavy steps sinking, these darkening nipples, this belly everyone starting turning eyes to. The body became this thing which demands attention.

Alternatively, to be at once young artist and young mother clashed against one another, and produced a continual confict of roles : one dedicated to self-realization , the other devoted to self-sacrifce. Going back and forth between these two identities then forced me to ask myself : “Am I my body?”, “What in truth, is motherhood?”, “How can women renew theway they see themselves?”

“MAMA LU”, the title of the books is a more formal name to the mother of Lu family. This character is myself, but also my mother, every mother Lu that has or and have yet to come, and every person who receives her title of “mother + family name”.
Although on the surface, society encourages women when they are pregnant, it still silences them under the authority of an invisible structure. Even after feminist movements and protests, there remains in the shadows, repressed and latent, the anguish, whether about the unspoken rules of household chores repartition, or in past generations, about how women were held back, without means of self-realization: all the regrets it left. In my name and in theirs, I would like to say some things, to let this book serve as a one-time manifesto, that it can meet and be met by all the Mama Lu, reach out to all the people whose wish it is to meet Mama Lu.

“MAMA LU- Alchemy” borrows the appearance of a traditional concertina bookbinding to substitute a pregnant body and reflect on it, printed with the writings penned during my pregnancy, the artwork has two layers of reading : the first, on the physical experiences accumulated into journal-writing, reveals what of body transformations and inner perceptions was unseen to society; the second is about reflecting on the questions of gender politics in the history of Chinese art , to the brief period in the history of ink painting, when literati painting prevailed. Women weren’t given the authority to create, and those who left their name to history were either the daughters or mistresses of male artists. When there are essentially no woman self-portraits preserved, there is no way for me to find historical references about the body and self-desire, hence I want to create in the medium of ink painting a space for this to be spoken, and I recognize the artist book as an simple way to produce the manifesto to carry this idea.

Ovary Rosary, Tanya Kaiser, Stoneware, porcelain, glaze, wire, and rope, 25 ft.

 

Ovary Rosary, Tanya Kaiser, Stoneware, porcelain, glaze, wire, and rope, 25 ft.

Ovary Rosary, Tanya Kaiser

As a visual artist, mother, and woman, I explore the theme of womanhood through my artwork, specifically focusing on topics that are often associated with femininity. My work has been recognized for its boldly feminist perspective and open inquiry into female identity while also commenting critically upon current events in society such as religion or politics by employing personal experiences from my childhood, having been raised in the Catholic church with a Latina mother.

From the Mother, Tanya Kaiser

The reoccurring theme of the vessel is predominant in my work. Especially, the image of the Virgin Mary, the ultimate vessel. Her religious upbringing made her very familiar with the Virgin Mary imagery. Worship in her home, centralized on the Holy Mother. Her images were exhibited in small laminated cards, placed around our home, and on tall glass prayer candles. She was the Mother and we prayed to her. We asked for her guidance and forgiveness. My artwork allows me to explore her humanity, her pain, and her role as a mother.

From the Mother, Tanya Kaiser, Stoneware, underglaze, glaze, stain, and mixed media, 43 x 109 x 3 in.

 
 

From the Mother, Tanya Kaiser, Stoneware, underglaze, glaze, stain, and mixed media, 43 x 109 x 3 in.

 

We Lived In The Gaps Between The Stories, Lena Chen

We Lived In The Gaps Between The Stories is a participatory artwork by Lena Chen celebrating the labor of abortion providers, midwives, healers, herbalists, doulas, clinic escorts, and all who care for abortion seekers. In a reciprocal act of labor, the artist worked with Cincinnati florist Patricia Campos, herbalist Ellie Mae Mitchell, growers Village General and Camp Washington Urban Farm, and chef Madeline Ndambakuwa to create a series of public programs using abortifacients and emmenagogues (plants with contraceptive properties). Visitors were invited to contribute to the project by writing thank you letters and co-creating a communal wreath displayed at Wave Pool Gallery. Abortion workers were then honored in a gratitude ceremony where they are presented with individual wreaths and a collective poem recognizing their work.

 
 

 

 

Shadow work, Melissa Jones

Shadow Work, Melissa Jones, Acrylic on panel, 38 x 50 in.

Mother Nature, Melissa Jones

Mother Nature, Melissa Jones, Acrylic on canvas, 24 x 38 in.

”When you are looking at something like witchcraft, it moves outside of traditional patriarchal institutions and is more accessible to women and other oppressed peoples,” said Candace C. Kant, professor emerita of history and chair of the department of theology and religious history at Cherry Hill Seminary, an educational institution focused on paganism and earth-based religions. When barred from mainstream social or religious roles, the socially ostracized turned to their own rituals, often coming together to pray or effect change, said Kant.

religionnews.com “How to Make a-Thousand Witches with One Supreme Court Decision

 
 
 

Michelle Gallagher, Barbed wire and knickers/underwear, 19 x 31 x 22 cm. 2022

A safe choice should be available to every woman. I grew up in a country where friends took the boat or plane to the UK alone.

Michelle Gallagher

 
 
 

Hobbled, Sarah Simmons, Salvaged dresses, secondhand fabric, cemetery flags and flowers, wooden crutches, thread, wood, steel, 59 x 36 x 36 in. 2022

Hobbled, Sarah Simmons

On June 24 th , 2022, we all heard the U.S. Supreme Court Justices Alito, Thomas, Gorsuch, Kavanaugh, Barrett, and Roberts as they officially reversed Roe V Wade, effectively eliminating the protection of body autonomy for anyone with a uterus. We heard them say it.

You aren’t worth protecting.
You aren’t capable of making decisions for your body.
You are only worth anything as a reproductive vessel.
You will stay in your place.
You will be hobbled.
We said FUCK.
We will not be hobbled.
We will not stay in ‘our place’.
Our worth is not tied to our reproductive capabilities.
We will make our own decisions.
We will not be unprotected.
We will protect each other.

Unprotected, Sarah Simmons. Digital Media (image of gavels spelling out F U C K)

 
 

Past no future, Hernando Rico Sanchez, Watercolor on paper, 12 x 9 in., 2021, $1400

Past no future, Hernando Rico Sanchez

The work Past no future, is a somber look at the woman as a victim of beliefs. From past to future, the mask is the representation of any woman, one that resembles a black slave force to keep and feed a child and oppress by a ghost that is the remines of the clan or the inquisition. A woman that is under the watchful eye of a falling system hiding behind another mask.

Mi Choice, Hernando Rico Sanchez, Watercolor on paper, 12 x 9 in., 2022, $1400

My Choice, Hernando Rico Sanchez

My Choice is a composition that talks exclusively about the right to choose. In its iconography you find symbols that reject the unsafe practices of abortion with a wire hanger, the scarlet “Handmaid’s” dress used to protest Kavanaugh’s stand on abortion, and the woman symbol as the anker of the composition that holds a faceless woman.

Left 0n war, Hernando Rico Sanchez, Oil on canvas, 32 x 40 in., 2005, $6000

Left 0n war, Hernando Rico Sanchez

Left on war is a painting that observes the lost a son or daughter, from the perspective of a man. Abortion is in great part a grieving proses for many, one that include the woman and the man, is an intimated decision that can destroy or uphold the relation ship between two people. Is in fact, a war of emotion and ideas that collide between the reason, life choices, religion, and the unavoidable reality of choosing life or dead. This image is in fact a revelation of emotional upheaval and factual war.

 

tears of steel, Sarika Goulatia

tears of steel, Sarika Goulatia, digital print, 42 x 56 in.

 

don’t kill the fetus - life once born is dispensable, Sarika Goulatia

don't kill the fetus - life once born is dispensable, Sarika Goulatia, digital print, 42 x 56 in.

 
 

Uterus Slingshot, gwen charles. Routed wood & polymer tourniquet, felted wool, 10 x 12 in. 2021.

 

Uterus Slingshot, gwen charles

Uterus Slingshot was made the week after S.B. 8 was instituted in Texas, in September 2021, an unconstitutional law that is an assault on patients, their health care providers and their support systems.

All People deserve to make decisions about their own bodies and have access to essential health care, which includes abortion. We must defend our constitutional rights. We will Fight back. Making the Uterus into a weapon allows us to shoot back at those who take our rights away. Our rights are threatened and the protections violated set under the landmark decision in Roe v. Wade in 1973. We are not ovary reacting –

Reminder: In New York and New Jersey, slingshots are considered dangerous weapons. Title 2c - The New Jersey Code Of Criminal Justice Section 2C:39-3(e) makes possession of any type of slingshot without “any explainable lawful purpose” a felony of the fourth degree. Pennsylvania allows slingshots to be purchased and used without regulation.

 
 

Uterus Slingshot, gwen charles. Routed wood & polymer tourniquet, felted wool, 10 x 12 in. 2021.

 
 

Beautiful Bodies, Krista O’Halpin

Beautiful Bodies, Krista O’Halpin. Linocut stamps, organic cotton bandana and fabric ink. 24 x 24 in., 2022.

The day Roe vs. Wade was overturned I felt immense numbness. I moved away from my home state of Georgia almost a decade ago, and know the protection for women there was far from ideal before this happened. While this decision by our government makes it more difficult for me and my own family to plan what is right for us; it is now impossible for them to do so.
That night I thought about all the different women in my life, each with their own unique story and life that would now be changed. I drew those women out, and then I carved a 9 x 12" linoleum stamp with all the anger and sadness I felt that day.
The text on the work is inspired by Barbara Kreuger's work in the 80s.
Her works like "your body is a battleground" hit so close to home, so I also wrote "my", "body", and "choice" in Futura Bold and also carved them. Every word you see is the result of a single hand-printed word with the force of disappointment and anger.

 
rvwback.jpeg

Three Vaginas, Claire Christine Sargenti

Through my art, I seek to empower womxn of all genders, celebrate the human experience, and tell the stories that help us all to collectively feel and heal. I enjoy the thrill of working with mixed media in multiple genres to create bold works of visual and performative art. I am continually inspired by the healing power of beauty and driven by the artists’ calling to bring about positive change in the world. Love is the underlying message in my work and the message by which I aim to live my life.

 

Three Vaginas, Claire Christine Sargenti, mixed media linocut prints, Three 5x7 in.

 
 

Get A Vasectomy, Claire Christine Sargenti,

Get A Vasectomy, Claire Christine Sargenti, mixed media & spray paint, 18 x 24 in.

 
 
 

War on women, Lauren McLaughlin

War on Women, Lauren McLaughlin, Manipulated found object, 25 x 25 cm., 2019

War on women depicts a metal coat hanger that has been bent to resemble a uterus. It is a shocking warning which signals the dire decisions many will be faced with following the overturning of Roe v Wade. It is a call to action and a reminder that abortions can never be banned, only safe abortions. All women and those with a uterus should have safe provision to reproductive healthcare, and the right to make decisions about their own bodies.

 
 
 

Abortion Rights are Queer Rights, Darleen Martinez

The overturning of Roe V Wade is a harsh reminder that we cannot and must not take for granted the rights those before us have fought for and earned. It is up to us all to honor the legacies of these fights by taking whatever skills and resources we have and putting them to use. We must know that our liberties and freedoms are bound to our neighbors', we are part of a larger community, and any threat to autonomy in any of its forms is a threat to us all. Speak, dance, sing, cry, shout, release and create in any way you can about what's happening. They will not have our silence. The fight will continue.

This is a digital art series created for social media with the intention to present protest visuals that are intersectional. After the overturning of Roe V Wade, most of the content shared centered on women and women's bodies, I wanted to create a message that encompassed the multiplicity of identities impacted by this action. This is a visual reminder that queer bodies need to be considered and representred in the fight as well, that abortion is also a queer rights issue.

 
 

“To be pro life one must be pro living.

If your idea of utopia is one where every woman who becomes pregnant gives birth, 

Then every woman and child deserves a world that doesn’t cripple life.“

— Rose Malenfant

 

Are you surprised by our elasticity?, Rose Malenfant

Are you surprised by our elasticity?, Rose Malenfant. Mixed media- metal, wire, yarn, pantyhose, stone, pearl beads, quinoa, clay, balloon, bone, avocado pit, 42 x 40 in.

What does it feel like to know our bodies
How do we
stretch, rip, hang, fold-
Delight and challenge those who get close

What do we choose to hold
and what weight do our bodies bare out of survival

We are inseparable from our womb.

A home
A source
A matrix
No man’s trick
Can dictate

What we birth.
Or how we choose
To fertilize earth.

Are you surprised by our elasticity?, Rose Malenfant. Mixed media- metal, wire, yarn, pantyhose, stone, pearl beads, quinoa, clay, balloon, bone, avocado pit, 42 x 40 in.

 
 

When the Supreme Court decision to end Roe v. Wade came down, for me it felt like an actual physical and existential blow. I grew up before Roe, a time when you could be arrested just for talking about birth control on a college campus.

Naomi Thornton

 

You Must Act Now, Naomi Thornton. Mixed Media Collage; old photograph, found images, test form old books, acrylic paint on paneled board, 11 x 14 x 1.5 in. 2022

You Must Act Now, Naomi Thornton

My motivation for my recent series, “Warrior Women”, is to reveal the untold and undervalued stories of women throughout history. I consider these to be our stories to reclaim. I am very drawn to vintage portrait photography; I see a photograph as a moment in time, a real person with a unique story. My materials are vintage photographs, found images, papers, text from old books, and acrylic paint in a process of deconstructing and reassembling to evoke a textured layering of desires and dreams. The Victorian era portraits I select are embedded within an historical/cultural context. I work in an intuitive way letting the images “speak” to me, while also discovering a hidden story about women of that time and locality. As I work on each piece, I write about how I have been impacted by what I have learned working with the image and from the historical research of that photograph. I experience a sense of connection as my story and their stories intertwine to become “Our Stories”. As a psychotherapist, I have witnessed the incredible resiliency of human beings to heal and reach toward wholeness. In my art, I seek to reflect that part of the human spirit. When the Supreme Court decision to end Roe v. Wade came down, for me it felt like an actual physical and existential blow. I grew up before Roe, a time when you could be arrested just for talking about birth control on a college campus. Over my life it felt like the battles that were fought and won would be secure for our daughters, and granddaughters. Even with all the indications, I wasn't prepared for this assault. Soon I came across this image of a woman who appears ready to fiercely protect herself. She is serious and ready to take action. In this piece I hope to honor and draw on her warrior spirit as we again face new battles to regain the most essential rights to make choices that effect our health and well-being. Sometimes, I have wondered how my art in which women may be shown "armed" may be taken. It is paradoxical in the sense that I am a lifelong pacifist and do not support violent solutions. What I present is metaphorical, representing the emotional feelings of being unsafe and under attack. What I am presenting is our ability to fight back against a system of patriarchal colonialist oppression of all marginalized groups. The image is of a real woman, Michelina Di Cesare, who lived 1841-1868 in the village of Capoli in southern Italy. She was born to a poor family during a time of “reunification” of northern and southern Italy. To the people of the South it was an occupation and an attempt to colonize them by the Northern families. Many young men and some women joined the Briganti, bands who used guerilla tactics to resist. The groups hid out in the mountainous area and struck their targets with stealth and sabotage. At age 20, Michelina felt called to be a part of the resistance and quickly earned the name Brigantessa as she became a leader in a small group that employed guerilla tactics. She was a primary tactician and well respected by the men who followed her into combat. She remained fearless all through the campaign of fighting occupational forces until her death at the age of 27 at the hands of soldiers hunting the Briganti. As often happens in the revision of history, her role has been downplayed and the Briganti portrayed as “Outlaws” rather that political resisters.

 
 
 
 

Maria #2, Maroula Lambis, Photography with thread on cotton rag, 15 x 15 cm. 2022

Maria #2, Maroula Lambis

I began making these works to bring attention to Marie van Goethem who modelled for Degas's sculpture La Petite Danseuse de quatorze ans (Little Dancer of Fourteen Years). The pieces are titled after her so that she may be brought into the work in her own right, and not merely as 'Degas little dancer’. The duality in the piece of sculpture/shadow, image/thread, recto/verso, echoes her life as a ballerina of the Paris Opera Ballet. During the 1800s impoverished girls Marie’s age entered ballet school to earn a wage and contribute to the family income. Overworked and underpaid their bodies belonged to the stage, and behind the scenes to their Protectors - who were wealthy older men that took them on as courtesans. My intention with these works as an intersectional feminist is to spotlight Women's Rights and the abuse of power against women and their bodies. Small gains towards Women's Equality may have been achieved, however too many injustices continue to this day.

 
 
 
 

I am alive thanks to my fertilization, Bānbishn

I am alive thanks to my fertilization, Bānbishn.

Taliban commanders have demanded communities turn over unmarried women to become "wives" for their fighters, The Wall Street Journal reported. In many newly conquered areas, the Taliban has reportedly imposed strict restrictions on women's movement, allowing them to venture out only with their male relatives. The Taliban has also made it compulsory to wear all-enveloping burqa for women. Usually made of heavy cloth, it is specifically designed to cover the wearer from head to toe. A netted fabric is placed near the eyes so that the woman inside can peer out through the meshing but nobody can see inside.

After conquering Rustaq district, a local Taliban leader reportedly asked all girls above 15 years and widows younger than 40 to get married to its fighters.Wearing a burqa means that they have accepted the Taliban’s government and they have given them the right to control women’s life as what is happening in Iran.

Many younger women in Kabul feel the same conflicting sense of despair and defiance as Iranian younger women.
Having to wear a burqa will be the least of Afghan women's concerns. Encouraged by the support, women started to ask for more rights within their families, demanding a voice, an education, a job or even political participation.But since there were virtually no programmes to teach men the importance of women's rights, a potential for conflict opened up. Men often only knew one answer to the new demands: violence.Afghanistan's women know this. And they know what is at stake now.In this Picture we can see the sanctity of being a woman who can give birth to a living creature. This woman is hidden behind a burqa which is the symbol of being controlled by someone else’s power. We can not even see her eyes which reflect her soul. We can not see what she is going through. Those mushrooms are symbols of the Taliban who see women as a factory to produce the new generation for them.

 
 

I Exist in a White Man’s Imagination, Jalen Ash

 

This piece explores years of built in cultural displacement and generational trauma for the women in my family who have been physically and mentally mutilated by seeking community in their oppressor. The pain, the violence, the willingness to dehumanize oneself to fit into the patriarchy stops within me, stops within my sisters, stops within those who learn that existing to fit into an inherently racist and violent system will never heal the traumas that have been passed down and exist within us.

 

A TIMELINE OF ROE V. WADE


1800s

  • Abortion laws were fairly liberal in the United States until the end of the 19th century

  • During the 1800s, many women in the former British colonies had the ability to obtain safe abortions performed by medical professionals.

  • Abortion was legal in the colonies and the United States until a woman could feel "quickening," or the movements of a fetus, which typically occurs sometime in the fourth or fifth month of a pregnancy.

  • Some of the early regulations related to abortion were enacted in the 1820s and 1830s and dealt with the sale of dangerous drugs that women used to induce abortions. Despite these regulations and the fact that the drugs sometimes proved fatal to women, they continued to be advertised and sold.


1850s

  • 1847 - American Medical Association (AMA) formed in order to professionalize the field of medicine and standardize its practices.

  • 1850’s - Horatio Storer, father of American gynecology, fought to criminalize abortion, and turned his attention to the question we now call fetal personhood. By 1857 he had begun the “physicians’ crusade against abortion,” a national campaign, and was lobbying the American Medical Association (AMA) to advocate institutionally against the practice

  • In the late 1850s, the newly established American Medical Association began calling for the criminalization of abortion, partly in an effort to eliminate doctors’ competitors such as midwives and homeopaths. Additionally, some nativists, alarmed by the country’s growing population of immigrants, were anti-abortion because they feared declining birth rates among white, American-born, Protestant women.


1869

  • Catholic Church banned abortion at any stage of pregnancy.


1873

  • Congress passed the Comstock law, which made it illegal to distribute contraceptives and abortion-inducing drugs through the U.S. mail. 


1880s

  • Abortion was outlawed across most of the country.


1950s

  • In the 1950s and 1960s, the estimated number of illegal abortions in the United States ranged from 200,000 to 1.2 million per year, according to the Guttmacher Institute.


1960s

  • Women’s rights movement & court cases involving contraceptives laid the groundwork for Roe v. Wade.

  • 1965 - U.S. Supreme Court struck down a law banning the distribution of birth control to married couples, ruling that the law violated their implied right to privacy under the U.S. Constitution.

  • 1969 - Norma McCorvey, a Texas woman in her early 20s, sought to terminate an unwanted pregnancy. McCorvey, who had grown up in difficult, impoverished circumstances, previously had given birth twice and given up both children for adoption. At the time of McCorvey’s pregnancy in 1969 abortion was legal in Texas—but only for the purpose of saving a woman’s life.
    After trying unsuccessfully to get an illegal abortion, McCorvey was referred to Texas attorneys Linda Coffee and Sarah Weddington, who were interested in challenging anti-abortion laws. In court documents, McCorvey became known as “Jane Roe.”


1970s

  • In 1970, Hawaii became the first state to legalize abortion, although the law only applied to the state’s residents. New York legalized abortion, with no residency requirement. By the time of Roe v. Wade in 1973, abortion was also legally available in Alaska and Washington.
    A Texas district court ruled that the state’s abortion ban was illegal because it violated a constitutional right to privacy. Afterward, Wade declared he’d continue to prosecute doctors who performed abortions.
    Attorneys filed a lawsuit on behalf of McCorvey and all the other women “who were or might become pregnant and want to consider all options,” against Henry Wade, the district attorney of Dallas County, where McCorvey lived. The case eventually was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. Meanwhile, McCovey gave birth and put the child up for adoption.

  • 1971 - The year after abortion was legalized in New York State, the maternal-mortality rate there dropped by 45 percent—one reason why legalization can be seen as “a public-health triumph.”

  • 1972 -  The Supreme Court struck down a law prohibiting the distribution of contraceptives to unmarried adults.

  • 1973 - Abortion legalized in the U.S. by the landmark case Roe v. Wade
    The Supreme Court, in a 7-2 decision, struck down the Texas law banning abortion, effectively legalizing the procedure nationwide. In a majority opinion written by Justice Harry Blackmun, the court declared that a woman’s right to an abortion was implicit in the right to privacy protected by the 14th Amendment.
    The court divided pregnancy into three trimesters, and declared that the choice to end a pregnancy in the first trimester was solely up to the woman. In the second trimester, the government could regulate abortion, although not ban it, in order to protect the mother’s health.
    In the third trimester, the state could prohibit abortion to protect a fetus that could survive on its own outside the womb, except when a woman’s health was in danger.


1980s-2000s

  • Since Roe v. Wade, many states imposed restrictions that weaken abortion rights, and Americans remain divided over support for a woman’s right to choose an abortion.
    Norma McCorvey maintained a low profile following the court’s decision, but in the 1980s she was active in the abortion rights movement. However, in the mid-1990s, after becoming friends with the head of an anti-abortion group and converting to Catholicism, she turned into a vocal opponent of the procedure.

  • 1992 - litigation against Pennsylvania’s Abortion Control Act reached the Supreme Court in a case called Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey. The court upheld the central ruling in Roe v. Wade but allowed states to pass more abortion restrictions as long as they did not pose an “undue burden."


2022

  • Roe v. Wade Overturned
    the nation's highest court deliberated on Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, which regarded the constitutionality of a Mississippi law banning most abortions after 15 weeks of pregnancy. Lower courts had ruled the law was unconstitutional under Roe v. Wade. Under Roe, states had been prohibited from banning abortions before around 23 weeks—when a fetus is considered able to survive outside a woman's womb.
    In its decision, the Supreme Court ruled 6-3 in favor of Mississippi's law—and overturned Roe after its nearly 50 years as precedent.